Getting the main idea of the text

Direct & Indirect Speech

Direct Speech

When exactly we report what another person has said, we use the direct style. With this style what the person has said is placed between quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

Example:

The Dr. said, "Susan is sick, but she just needs a rest"

Report Speech or Indirect Speech

It is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances, not use quotes and need not be word for word. In general, when the indirect style is used, the tense changes.

 Tense Changes:

 

Source:
http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/reported.php
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_speech
http://www.ilmoamal.org/bms/attachments/course_pics/grade3_gr_unit11_1.jpg
http://www.epicmorocco.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/reportedconversation.png
http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/my_documents/my_pictures/2008/ago/Reported_Spch.png

Iran clock is ticking

Referent	Line #	What does IT refer to?	Function & Grammatical Category
Me	1	It’s refer to the author	Personal Object Pronoun. CATA
That	1	To the idea before	Conjuntion.
Some	3	Opinions of the sources	Indefinite adjetive.
That	7	To the idea before??	Conjuntion
Me	10	It’s refer to the author	Personal Object Pronoun. CATA
He	12	U.S. military	Personal Subject Pronoun. ANA.
That	16		Conjunction
Both	20	The two sources	Indefinitive adjetive. CATA
I	21	The author	Personal Object Pronoun. ANA
That	22	To the idea before	Conjuntion
It	24	Personal Subject Pronoun	Conjuntion
He	28	President Bush	Personal Subject Pronoun. ANA
His	28	President Bush’ commitment	Possesive adjetive. ANA
That	30
That	32		Conjuntion
That	33
Its	34	Iran nuclear program	Possesive adjetive.CATA
That	36
Its	37	Iran nuclear program	Possesive adjetive.CATA
Its	38	Iran regional ambitions	Possesive adjetive. CATA

Anaphoric and Cataphoric

Cataphoric

A cataphoric reference word refers to another word that is introduced later in the text or speech. It means that we refer to something or someone and later we introduce it.

Example:

When he call my mom, my dad was working.
It refers to my dad

" I perceive examples of this: The war in Iraq, when the USA, practically, walked over the UN and invaded Iraq despite the decision of the UN to end up terrorism."
It refers to war against the terrorism of USA when they  ignored the decision UN

Anaphoric

A cataphoric reference word refers to another word that is introduced earlier of after in the text or speech.

Example:

Mary plays guitar, she is a music teacher.
It refers to Mary

"Argentina said citizens can buy up to $2,000 per month ... Argentina said it would ease restrictions after the peso fell 11%..."
 It refers to whole idea before

Source: http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25913170